50–1 B.C.
Caesar crosses Rubicon to fight Pompey (50 B.C.). Herod made
Roman governor of
Judea
(37 B.C.). Caesar murdered (44
B.C.). Caesar's nephew, Octavian, defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of
Actium (31 B.C.), and establishes Roman empire as Emperor Augustus; rules 27
B.C.–A.D. 14. Pantheon
built for the first time under Agrippa, 27 B.C. Ovid, Roman poet (43 B.C.–A.D. 18).